-ideology which emerged with War of the French Revolution (1792-1804)

-and intensified with British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9)

-upholds liberty in government institutions and the end of aristocracy

-under Richard Cobden, idea of land reform, often through a Land Value Tax, becomes big part of it

-with the nineteenth century and rise of the Social Question, emergence of solutions

-typically in the form of nationalization and the rise of a sort of benevolent bureaucracy

-tends towards statism

-forebearer of this is regarded as Edmund Burke

-but in practice emerged later

-seeks moderate reform

-and today often associated with free trade

-formed out of Saint-Simonianism

-Comte, follower of Saint-Simon, develops his modernizing ideology

-gets broadly divided into Left- and Right-Sociocratic factions shortly before his death

-in its original form advocates the rule of society by a special class of sociologists centered around positive law

-rule by the experts

-distilling legislation into a science which will allow for experts to manage society

-a polity without politics

-establishment of a scientific priesthood to unite humanity in a spirit of liberty

-and coterminously a patrician class ruling itself through co-option and holding almost all power

-with only a financial assembly to approve of budgets and revise accounts to restrict it

-as well as salons bringing together patricians and representatives of the proletariat

-division of society into two, spiritual and temporal power

-spiritual power manages education, diplomacy, resolution of social conflicts, and social classification

-in form of priesthood of scientists

-temporal power manages administration

-in form of management of patrician class

-led by Charles Halévy, a professor of philosophy at the new University of Cologne

-this is Karl Marx, who here is a French citizen and, without his father being forced to convert, is an atheist Jew

-Halévy was an associate of Saint-Simon and Comte, took umbrage at Comte's elitism and brought in contact with Moïse Hess who has quite similar views

-believes that all religion should be replaced by a veneration of science that serves the role of disseminating it as an ideology to everyone

-and "modernity" in the form of an ultra-democratic government which governs over an enlightened technocracy

-with the intention of spreading the technocratic knowledge across the nation

-along with pushes for modernization over the whole nation

-is a substrate in leftist thought, but bureaucratism viewed as enemy of associationism

-develops under those who stick with Comte following youthful split

-believes in a Religion of Humanity but abstracts it a fair bit

-advocates a hierarchy, with state led by masters of science of legislation

-deeply formative

-in Germany the new philosophy of right-sociocracy has its biggest impact

-it seems very vividly a modernized version of the old estates system along with a useful critique of parliamentary democracy

-ultimately views its progenitor as Babeuf

-owes much to Bronterre O'Brien, who advocates the transfer of land, non-personal property from its owners into the hands of "the people", who take up the arms of the state

-and establishment of planning system to organize distribution, production, and exchange of goods

-democratically-held, with competition within it

-and use of labour notes for exchange

-with commodities exchange held by group of skilled workers

-and regionalization of affairs

-additionally, there's a big focus on neo-medievalism

-view is that the Church of the olden era was a friend of the people

-medieval monasteries being fulcrum of localized communities which cared for the people

-rules of hospitality tethering community as a whole

-and serving as a sort of commons

-desire is that associations serve as replacement of those churchly institutions

-additionally they also serve as a non-church institution

-over late nineteenth century, bureaucratized radicalism results in growing dissatisfaction with concept of planning

-and more emphasis on democratically-elected workplaces at expense of planning, with workplaces to interfere with one another

-idea of self-governing and voluntary associations is a big thing with it

-unified together into a government which manages currency among other things

-advocates that, ultimately, the state should be a night-watchman state which coordinates trade

-other duties organized by the several associations in their tiers of government

-additionally, welfare organized by Friendly Societies

-which have pretty large endowments and run independent bureaucracies only regulated by the center

-serve as centers of communities

-with Spain's Wars > Spanish Revolution (1912-24), takes control of a government

-however, falls due to chronic inefficiency and mismanagement in the end there